The 1958 Lituya Bay Megatsunami Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Geography of Lituya Bay Don Miller describes Lituya Bay as ‘a T-shaped tidal inlet that transects the coastal lowland and foothills belt bordering the Fairweather Range of the St. Elias Mountains, on the northeast shore of Alaska’ (Miller, 1960). The stem of the letter T is formed by the main body of the inlet, which is seven miles long and two miles wide, with Cenotaph Island in its central part; the upper part of the T, which had been about 3 miles long in 1958, is formed by two other inlets – Gilbert Inlet and Crillon Inlet. The fiord-like inner part of the bay is surrounded by steeply rising walls – to elevations between 2Â  200 and 3Â  400 feet in the foothills and over 6Â  000 feet in the Fairweather Range (Miller, 1960). The shores surrounding the main part of Lituya Bay are predominantly stony beaches; the adjacent areas rise more gently from the beaches at varying gradients (Miller, 1960; Pararas- Carayan-nis, 1999). Two glaciers - Lituya Glacier Fig. 2 Lituya Bay’s position on the map of Alaska and North Crillon Glacier - each one about 12 miles long and a mile wide, descend their fronts into the heads of Gilbert and Crillon Inlet respectively (Miller, 1960). We will write a custom essay sample on The 1958 Lituya Bay Megatsunami or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now About half of the front of Lituya Glacier and two-thirds of the front of North Crillon Glacier had bordered low deltas, before the July 9 earthquake and the wave that followed. A long spit - La Chaussee Spit – encloses the outer part of the bay, ‘with only a very narrow entrance of about 700 – 800 feet, kept open by tidal currents’ (Pararas-Carayannis, 1999). Bathymetry of Lituya Bay Based on soundings taken until 1940 (U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1942), Miller recorded that the maximum depth of the bay, just south of Cenotaph Island, is 720 feet and the minimum or sill depth is 33 feet at mean lower low water in the entrance (Miller, 1960). Describing the geography of Lituya Bay, Miller specified that the tides are diurnal, with a mean and a maximum range of about 7 and 15 feet respectively, and cause currents ‘with a maximum velocity of nearly 14 statute miles per hour in the narrow entrance’ (Miller, 1960) According to Pararas-Carayannis, who relies on the same bathymetric surveys made until1940, the head of Lituya Bay is ‘a pronounced U-shaped trench with steep walls and a broad, flat floor sloping gently downward from the head of the bay to a maximum depth of 720 feet(220 meters) just south of Cenotaph Island’(Pararas-Carayannis, 1999). Fig. 3 Detailed map of head of Lituya Bay, showing site of the rockfall, landslides, changes in the shoreline (heavy dotted line), and extent of wave inundation (light dotted line) from the 1958 earthquake and the giant wave it triggered.

Integrated Systemic Therapy Is The Most Integrated Of The...

Integrated Systemic Integrated systemic therapy is, as the name suggests, the most integrated of the therapies. This method takes a team approach, uniting procedures from all other therapies (Nichols Schwartz, 1998). The change is at the interactional level. In other words, the team focuses on how the couple interacts with each other. Changing the interaction cycle leads to modification in other behaviors (Goldman Greenberg, 1992). Unlike the other types of therapy, however, couples do not need to be aware of the cycles that are trying to be broken. Shifting the meaning linked to the situation reverses cycles of negative behavior. Research illustrates that it is possible that the team has a huge influence in treatment. The team effort creates social support for the couple (Goldman Greenberg, 1992) . There are a series of steps involved in integrated systemic couples therapy (Goldman Greenberg, 1992). First, the therapist and the couple define the issue. A negative cycle is determ ined, but not necessarily by the couple; the therapist could determine the negative cycle instead. The therapist and couple come together to restructure that negative cycle, and try to redefine the problem with a positive spin. The important aspect of integrated systemic therapy is that the therapist encourages the couple to progress at their own pace (Goldman Greenberg, 1992). Restraint is a key component because it allows the couples examine their actions, as opposed to rushing intoShow MoreRelatedFoster Care : A Systemic Relational Approach1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe best way to help children and their families in foster care get through their difficulties using an approach that has to do with their relationships with each other, called the systemic-relational approach. 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Pais Systemic Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder SHOBHA PAIS Department of Family Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Although dissociative identity disorder (DID) continues to be questioned by some clinicians, those who work with this population understand the complexity of this disorder. Most often DID clientsRead MoreTreatment Plan For A Therapy Plan And How It Improves The Odds Of A Person761 Words   |  4 Pagestreatment plan is the â€Å"framework that a trained professional has laid out for the client to follow to address all the sources that have led to their drug abuse† (Stevens Smith, pg. 168). There are specific therapies, education and skills a person can gain from this treatment plan that is not only systemic in treating all of the things that contribute to a person drug abuse but attempt to integrate them all into one comprehensive treatment program. One specific reference would be to my previous case studyRead MoreEcosystemic Psychology2710 Words   |  11 Pagesand second order cybernetic approach can be integrated In a useful and complimentary way 5 9. Conclusion 6 10. References 7 1 1. Introduction Cybernetics refers to the principles that regulate the dissemination of information or messages. Cybernetics has to do with the basic principles underlying the control, regulation, and exchange and processing of information. The influence of cybernetics is apparent in the Eco systemic approach because it stresses relations and

Private High Schools free essay sample

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study compares the NCAE results of the students in science-oriented high schools and private high schools in Naga City in school year 2010-2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Private High Schools or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Specifically, this comparative study attempted to answer the following questions: 1. Which of the two perform well based on the NCAE result? 2. What are the factors that affect the similarities of the NCAE results in the science-oriented schools and private schools? 3. What are the factors that affect the differences of the NCAE results in the science-oriented schools and private schools? SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This study was interested in looking into the NCAE result of the science–oriented high schools; Naga City Science High School and Camarines Sur National High School (Science Oriented) and private high schools; University of Nueva Caceres and Naga College Foundation, in Naga City. This study was limited to the results of NCAE of the students in the school year 2010-2011. The respondents of this study were the students belonging to the top section of the abovementioned schools. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study was conceived to benefit the following: Department of Education – After examining the results of this comparative study, this agency may further support some improvement in the curriculum, both in science-oriented high schools and private high schools in Naga City, together with the curriculum designers. Curriculum Designers / Curriculum Planners–To this group of educators, this study could help them to improve the curriculum of the science-oriented high schools and private high schools and used this as a guide in developing an effective curriculum based on the performances of the students at present. Administrators – The results of this study will provide the school administrators to find ways to improve the teaching-learning process in their school. This will also help them to use the appropriate methods and strategies in teaching to address the need for better learning. Teachers – This will help the teachers to use other strategies and methods to improve the students’ learning ability to attain quality education. Other researchers – This study may serve as a reference of other researchers who wish to know the result of the NCAE of science-oriented high schools and private high schools in Naga City. Guidance Counselors – Through the result of this study, the guidance counselor may gain more insights in providing guidance as to the course or vocation students should pursue. Parents–The result of the research will make them motivated to exert more effort in guiding their children in their career choices. Students- knowing the result of the research, help the students to realize the significance of the efforts of their teachers to become more skillful citizens, and to be inspired to meet the needed qualifications for the courses or vocations they intended to take after graduation. DEFINITION OF TERMS NCAE – This refers to the acronym National Career Achievement Test. NCAE is a test taken by high school students in the Philippines that determines their strengths in different career fields. The purpose of the NCAE is to help students determine which courses they should study in college and what sort of career they are best suited for. Private Schools– This refers to the schools which are funded by their own resources. A private school can theoretically be part of another entity. It is either a secondary or elementary school run and supported by private individuals or a corporation rather than a government or public agency. Science-oriented Schools – it refers to the technological secondary school that is more focused on science-oriented subjects (technological focused; Integrated Science, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and students are expected to study in faculty of Science, Engineering and Medical Sciences at higher institution.

The Chemistry Of Swimming Pools Chemistry Essay Example For Students

The Chemistry Of Swimming Pools Chemistry Essay Pool chemical science is the application of chemical science to keep safe and clean H2O ( Hann, 1997 ) . This is achieved by modulating legion factors which include: the pH, the measure of germicide and the buffers used to defy pH alterations. The normal pH scope of a liquid pool demands to be between 7.2 and 8.0, although a scope between 7.2 and 7.8 is more practical as some germicides such as Cl are most effectual for this scope ( Hann, 1997 ) . We will write a custom essay on The Chemistry Of Swimming Pools Chemistry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Importance of pH The pH graduated table ( see figure 1 ) is a step of the concentration of H ions ( H+ ) in a solution and is a logarithmic graduated table based on 10 ( Zumdahl, 2007 ) . Furthermore, it is represented by the equation: pH = -log ( Zumdahl, 2007 ) , and since the graduated table is logarithmic, this means that a pH addition of one value represents a H + concentration addition of tenfold. The pH graduated table ranges from one, which is really acidic, to fourteen which is really alkalic. A value of seven is impersonal, intending that a solution is neither acidic nor basic ( Hann, 1997 ) . Outline1 The pH graduated table ( figure 1 )2 Care of the pH degrees3 Chlorine for Disinfection of Pool Water4 The function of acid/base indexs5 Four Possible Indexs for Testing pH of a pool ( figure 2 )6 Index7 pH scope8 Colour shown for Acidic Solution9 Colour shown for Basic Solution10 Ka11 pKa ( -log10Ka )12 Buffer solutions13 Decision The pH graduated table ( figure 1 ) ( Environment Canada, 1992 ) A strong acid dissociates wholly in H2O to bring forth H+ ions in the signifier of H3O+ ( hydronium ion ) , whereas a weak acid does non disassociate wholly, doing a lower H+ concentration to organize ( Zumdahl, 2007 ) . Since an acid dissociates in H2O to bring forth H+ ions it is known as an H+ giver and a good illustration of this is the strong hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) . This acerb easy dissociates in H2O to organize H+ and the undermentioned equation represents this dissociation. HCl ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) A ® H3O+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) Because HCl is easy dissociated, it means that equilibrium lies far to the right, favoring the merchandises. On the contrary, a weak acid does non easy disassociate in H2O, intending that a reaction affecting a weak acid would non favor merchandises or reactants. In contrast to an acid, a base dissociates in H2O to organize OH- and is known as an H+ acceptor. The function of acids and bases for the care of the pH of pool H2O is of import for a figure of grounds. A pH that is excessively high or low ( above 8 or below 7.2 ) will do annoyance to the tegument ( Gothard, 2006 ) . Equally good as this, germicides such as Br and Cl require an optimal pH between 7.2 and 7.6 in order to work most expeditiously ( Hann, 1997 ) . Therefore, an addition or lessening in pH will do these germicides to work less expeditiously. Another ground for the ordinance of the pH balance is to forestall the formation of graduated table or H2O hardness sedimentations. These sedimentations are normally composed of Mg and Ca which can go detrimental to the operation of a pool as it affects the filter system, warmer and the piping ( Hann, 1997 ) . Care of the pH degrees Factors such as, the remotion or add-on of pool H2O ; waste from swimmers such as piss ; and the add-on of chemicals, affect the pH of the H2O. In order to hold a pH degree that is desirable, specific chemicals need to be added to the H2O, although it is besides possible to make a coveted pH balance by adding excess H2O to the pool ( Hann, 1997 ) . By adding extra H2O this will do the pH concentration to lower, which helps to equilibrate the pH. However, it is non ever possible to make this as different factors affect the pH, and so pool chemicals are needed. Two chief chemicals are used to take down the pH of pool H2O: Na bisulfate and muriatic acid ( hydrochloric acid ) . These chemicals both have a low pH which means that they act as a pH reducing agent . A lessening in pH occurs because the chemicals react in the H2O to bring forth more H ions, therefore increasing the sourness. The pick of which chemical to utilize depends on the size of a pool. Sodium bisulfate is normally used for little pools ( about 190 000 liters ) as it is less acidic than muriatic acid, therefore a safer option ( Hann, 1997 ) . On the other manus, muriatic acid is used for larger pools to cut down the pH because it is a more acidic. Furthermore, to raise the pH of pool H2O, Na carbonate is most normally used ( Perkins, 2000 ) . It is known as a pH increaser because it produces hydroxyl ions ( OH- ) which increases the pH of the pool H2O. Chlorine besides has an consequence on the pH of H2O ; nevertheless, it is used more normally for disinfection intents. Chlorine for Disinfection of Pool Water A safe and clean pool requires the usage of a germicide to halt the spread of catching diseases ( Hann, 1997 ) . The most common germicides used are chlorine-based merchandises as Cl is comparatively cheap and is really effectual in killing bacteriums and other harmful beings ( Perkins, 2000 ) .Chlorine gas ( Cl2 ) is neer used on its ain for disinfecting pool H2O because it is really toxic, and so would present many hazards. Therefore, compounds incorporating Cl are used alternatively and there are three chief types: Calcium hypochlorite , Na hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) and chlorinated isocyanurate. .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 , .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .postImageUrl , .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 , .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36:hover , .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36:visited , .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36:active { border:0!important; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36:active , .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36 .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue32dde5e58e544cab1796062dc7f5c36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mesothelima EssayWhen these compounds are added to the H2O a reaction occurs, organizing a chemical called hypochlorous acid ( HOCl ) which is an oxidising agent and hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) . Since hydrochloric acid is formed, this will intend that the pH of the pool H2O decreases somewhat. Cl2 + H2O A ® HOCl + HCl The hypochlorous acid kills the bacterium in the H2O by oxidization and the HOCl can easy go dissociated to from H ions ( H+ ) and hypochlorate ions ( ClO ) . HOCl a† Ã¢â‚¬  H+ + ClO- Both the hypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ions are considered as free Cl , which is the chemical species responsible for killing bacteriums in the H2O ; nevertheless, the hypochlorous acid is far more efficient ( Daniels, 1973 ) . The dissociation of the hydrochlorous acid is an equilibrium reaction, intending that the reaction can happen in either way. Furthermore, the pH of the H2O affects the way in which the reaction returns, therefore act uponing the effectivity of the germicide. An addition in pH would intend that there are more H+ ions which would do the reaction to continue to the right, intending that less hypochlorous acid is present in the H2O. Furthermore, a lessening in pH will do the reaction to continue to the left, intending that more hypochlorous acid is produced which increases the effectivity of the Cl as a germicide. To be able to find the pH of a solution, the usage of acid/ base indexs are needed. The function of acid/base indexs In order to maintain the pH of pool H2O in the right scope it is necessary to utilize an acid/base index to prove the pH. An acid/base index is a substance that gives an accurate indicant of the sourness or alkalinity of a solution ( Dice, 2008 ) . Besides, an index is a weak acid represented by HIn ( Zumdahl, 2007 ) and it can be written as an equilibrium look: HIn ( colourless ) a† Ã¢â‚¬  H+ + In- ( pink ) where the In- is the basic signifier of the index. The HIn and the In- both show a different coloring material which corresponds to the pH of the solution. As an illustration, the index phenolphthalein is colorless in an acidic solution and pink in a basic solution. This means that the HIn represents the colourless molecules, whereas the In- represents the pinkmolecules. Since an index is in equilibrium, an acidic solution would do an addition in H+ concentration, therefore switching equilibrium to the left. Likewise, in a basic solution the OH- ions cause a lessening in H+ , which shifts equilibrium to the right. The equation for an index can be written as an equilibrium changeless look. Ka = / This look can be rearranged to organize an equation which is really utile in happening the terminal point of an index, which is the point at which colour alteration occurs. Ka / = / The ratio between the In- and the HIn will demo the coloring material of the index ; for illustration if there is one In- pink molecules for every one hundred colourless it means that the solution will look colourless. However, for the human oculus to observe the coloring material alteration, the coloring material alteration occurs at a pH where the ratio of In- to HIn is 1:10 for an acidic solution, whereas for a basic solution the alteration will happen at a ratio of 10:1 ( Zumdahl, 2007 ) . There are a assortment of indexs all of which are utile for specific pH ranges, and so it is of import to utilize an appropriate index for mensurating pool H2O pH. The following tabular array ( figure 2 ) shows four different acid/base indexs that could be perchance used to help with pool direction. Four Possible Indexs for Testing pH of a pool ( figure 2 ) Index pH scope Colour shown for Acidic Solution Colour shown for Basic Solution Ka pKa ( -log10Ka ) Bromthymol Blue 6.0-7.6 Yellow Blue 1.0 x 10-7 7.0 Cresol Red ( alkaline ) 7.2-8.8 Yellow Reddish-purple 1.0 x 10-8.32 8.32 Phenol Red 6.8-8.4 Yellow Red 1.0 x 10-7.9 7.9 Phenolphthalein 8.3-10 Colourless Tap 1.0 x 10-9.3 9.3 From the tabular array it can be seen that phenol ruddy, cresol ruddy and bromthymol blue would wholly be utile indexs as their pH scope is rather close to the pH scope of a pool which is 7.2-7.8. Since phenolphthalein s scope is 8.-10, this index would be the least effectual as is non really near to the pool scope, whereas the other indexs each have similar scopes that are within the scope. To verify the pH at which an index alterations colour, the equation from above can be used: .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb , .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .postImageUrl , .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb , .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb:hover , .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb:visited , .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb:active { border:0!important; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb:active , .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u898691d9cb75fdf62c45b84aeea206fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diabetes EssayKa = / Sample computation for the index phenol red: ten 10-7.9 = / First, the pH at which the index will alter for an acidic solution will be found. For an acidic solution the coloring material alteration will be seeable when / = 1/10: ten 10-7.9 = ( 1 ) / ( 10 ) = ( 1.0 x 10-7.9 ) x 10 = 1.26 ten 10-7 pH = -log ( 1.26 x 107aˆ‘ ) = 6.9 pH = 6.9, which is near to the existent value of 6.8. This means that at this point, the coloring material alteration will be xanthous. The pH at which the coloring material alteration occurs in a basic solution can besides be calculated, nevertheless, the ratio of In- to HIn will be 10:1 as there must be more In- molecules for a color alteration to happen. ten 10-7.9 = ( 10 ) / ( 1 ) = ( 1.0 x 10-7.9 ) / 10 = 1.26 ten 10-9 pH = -log ( 1.26 x 10-9 ) = 8.90 pH = 8.9, which is the point at which the coloring material alteration will be ruddy. However, the value is non precisely the same as the existent value because it is an estimate and is non exact. Phenol red s pH scope is the closest to the pool s scope when compared to the other three indexs, which means that it is the most appropriate for proving pool H2O. Acid/base indexs are non merely of import for finding the pH of a solution, but are besides important for happening a pool s buffering capacity, as the pH of a solution must be known. Buffer solutions To help in the care of pool pH, it is necessary to utilize a buffer solution. A buffer solution is any solution which resists fluctuating alterations in pH, doing it easier to maintain pool H2O in the appropriate pH scope ( Hann, 1997 ) . The buffering ability of a pool is dependent on the entire alkalinity, which is the step of the measure of alkalic substances present in the H2O ( Hann, 1997 ) . Calcium carbonate is the chief compound which makes up the entire alkalinity and when it is dissolved in H2O it produces carbonate ions which act as a buffer. CaCO3 ( s ) a† Ã¢â‚¬  Ca2+ + CO32- The carbonate ions work as a buffer because they neutralise the H+ ions formed when an acid is added. To find the buffering ability of a solution, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used. This equation is derived from the equilibrium invariable for the dissociation of a weak acid which is given by the equation: Ka = ( ) / where A- is the coupled base, and HA is a simple acid. By taking the logarithm of both sides and rearranging it will give the undermentioned equation: -log = -logKa + log ( / ) Since, -log = pH and -logKa = pKa, the equation can be written as: pH = pKa + log ( / ) This equation is known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and can be used in respects to pool chemical science to be able to cipher the buffering capacity, which is the measure of hydroxide ions ( OH- ) that can be absorbed by the solution before a important pH alteration occurs. Additionally, the magnitude of and find the buffering capacity of a solution. The most effectual buffer is one that has a ratio of one, as this will do no alteration in pH ( Zumdahl, 2007 ) . The undermentioned computation will demo a possible application of buffer chemical science for the pool. pH = pKa + log ( / ) A concentration of 0.002M Hydrochloric acid is added to a solution with a pH of 7.6 and a Ca carbonate concentration of 2.11 ten 10-8M. Hypochlorous acid is besides present in the H2O and its pKa is 3.5 ten 10-8. 7.6 = 3.5 ten 10-8 + log ( / ) = 7.46 Therefore, the pH of the solution has decreased, which means that the solution does non hold the best buffering capacity. The best buffer solution would necessitate to hold a ratio of 1:1 which would do the pH to remain about the same. Decision The chemical science involved in the direction of backyard swimming pools is an of import facet and needs to be understood in order to keep a safe swimming pool environment. A pH scope between 7.2 and 7.8 is recommended and so an apprehension of how to take down and raise the pH is indispensable. Chlorine can be used as a germicide of pool H2O ; nevertheless, it needs to be known that the reaction signifiers hydrochloric acid which lowers the pH. Thus, an add-on of a pH increaser such as Na carbonate is needed as this increases the figure of OH- molecules in the H2O, which increases the pH. Furthermore, the usage of pH indexs is necessary in commanding the pH, as they give an accurate reading of the pool s pH. However, each index has a different pH scope and so it is of import to take the appropriate index for the pool. Besides, a pools buffering ability is important in maintaining the pool s pH in balance. Poor buffering capacity means that an add-on of an acid or a base will do the pH to dramatically fluctuate, doing it hard to pull off a pool. Entire alkalinity is the step of a pool s buffering ability and Ca carbonate is frequently used to increase the buffering ability.